Emile Durkheim thought that the division of labor has deviated from its natural sources. He suggested that alternative conditions are in some way pathological. He described capitalism as a threat and identified three major flaws which were 1) Anomie 2) Inequality 3) Inadequate Organization. Anomie could be the absence of rules which is responsible to govern the relations between various social actors resulting in pathological conditions. The rule systems were poorly defined and were responsible for the industrial and commercial crises and were causing a great many labor-capital conflicts. Unchecked expansions and unregulated actors had resulted in over regulation of jobs. Durkheim pinpointed that these flaws of capitalism would result in systemic solidarity. Mechanical and Organic were identified as the two major types of social integration. Mechanical refers to the integration of the shared beliefs and sentiments while the organic refers to the integration from the consequences of interdependence and specialization. In societies where work is highly differentiated solidarity arise from the consequences of mutual dependence while where there is little differentiation the integration is based on common beliefs. The difference between the two types has revealed how modern societies are different from the traditional ones and how the level of solidarity changes with the increase in the complexity of the society. Societies of mechanical solidarity are usually small and are based on kind associations and relationships. Durkheim introduced a term “Common Conscience” which referred to the social relations that are regulated by the common beliefs that are shared within the society. However if these shared beliefs are violated that will be taken as a direct threat to the shared identity and the reactions would be harsh.
埃米尔，涂尔干认为劳动分工已经偏离了其天然来源。他建议替代的条件进行了病理学。他描述了资本主义是一种威胁，确定了三个重大的缺陷，1）2）3）不失范不足组织。失范是规则，负责管理各种社会行动者在病理条件之间的关系缺乏。规则系统的定义不清，负责工业和商业危机，导致了许多劳资冲突。无节制的扩张和无序的演员已经造成超过规定的工作。涂尔干认为，这些缺陷会导致全身性团结的资本主义。机械和有机物被确定为社会整合的两种主要类型。机械指的是共同的信念和情感的整合，是指有机的相互依存和专业化的后果的整合。在那里的工作是高度分化的团结是相互依存的后果而少有分化的整合是基于共同的信仰的社会。这两种类型之间的差异揭示了现代社会与传统不同，如何团结与社会的复杂性的增加水平的变化。机械团结的社会通常很小，是基于类的合作和关系。涂尔干了“共识”，指的是在社会的共同信念调整的社会关系。但是如果这些共同的信念是违反将被视为对共享的身份和反应的直接威胁将是残酷的。
