英语论文代写
Material Culture and the Domestic
This paper studies two distinct aspects of material culture, from a domestic point of view as well as a cultural process to form memory. The research first introduces the reader to material culture and defines in depth its features and characteristics. The study then moves on to describe the nature of domestic material culture and its importance from a sociological perspective. This paper will also discuss how material culture aids in the process of forming memory. Also, each area of study both illustrates the concept of ‘basic premise of material culture approach by Ian Woodward with the help of case studies as examples. Contemporary study of material culture is considered as one of the intriguing branches of study for many socialist at the moment, and the focal point of this study.
I – Introduction to Material Culture
The social definition of material culture is the association of material artifacts to social relations of a human group or community. In simple terms, material culture can be defined as the objects that people use in their daily life, and the significance of such material objects in their lives. Material culture is the study of why individuals from different cultures consume certain objects (i.e. products) and the importance of displaying or using such objects in their daily lives. Individuals from different cultures and ethnic backgrounds are prone to use various objects that differ on many levels of technology, modernity, and often consume the same objects for different uses. Therefore, studying a culture’s affiliation to materiality is essential for social scientists, as well as historians to study the social and cultural attitudes of a certain group. Often studying a culture’s correlation to materially can be considered a lens through which social and cultural attitudes can be conferred. (Donald, 1991)
UNESCO (1975) described the presence and importance of material heritage in cultures and proclaimed, “Cultural property is a basic element of people’s identity and (being depends on having)”. Therefore it is assumed that an individual’s association to and awareness of objects are socially and culturally dependent. Investigating on material culture also helps historians and archaeologists study past societies and explore the material culture of such historical communities through the remains of the material objects found. Also, protecting cultural heritage of documenting and studying material culture of certain communities can help empower minorities and their culture. (Giere, 2004)
Material culture pertains to the knowledge and material relics of a human group. Studying such objects that are closely related to survival measurements are of apparent significance. However, studying the material culture has also been imperative in investigating ritual, art, music, dance and symbolism. Ethnographers in the past, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s, while touring in both North America and Europe habitually incorporated documentation on material culture in their work on pre-industrialized societies. Gradually, during the 1920s and 1970s, material culture progressed as the domain of the archaeologist and museum curators. (Giere, 2004)
Contemporarily, the increasing significance surrounding modern material culture has developed into an imperative feature for many socialists’ schools. It has also emerged into an integral part of education as it provides students a novel viewpoint on how their performance influences society and the environment. Recent developments in the study of material culture have provided assessments of “consumerism” and a recent trend of “throw-away culture”. Consumerism is referred to as a social and economic order that is based on the systematic creation and fostering of a desire to purchase goods and services in ever greater amounts. A throw-away culture is less prone to recycling and eco-friendly methods of consumption. These two phenomena have affected the present material culture enormously and have established a diverse material culture system for many different communities and individuals. (Tversky & Marsh, 2000)
Forms of Memory
Material culture inspires human cognitive memory through classifying certain objects, its use, significance, and application, to a particular social group that helps identify certain characteristics of that group and allows them to maintain present or historical presence or distinctiveness. (Dawkins, 1996)
Donald (1991) proposed the three different cognitive stages that allowed material culture to form as part of the human memory. Following are essential components of material culture that will help explain the process of forming memory through its use. It has been proposed in regards to material culture that we judge the entire material system, as an association of interface that environs a material item, including intangible objects such as ideas and behaviors associated with that item. Therefore, it is considered that the complete material systems advance is concerned with the total contextualization of an item. (Dawkins, 1996)
英语论文代写
物质文化和生活
本文研究不同文化方面的材料，从国内角度以及文化过程中形成的记忆。本研究首先向读者介绍了物质文化和定义其特征特性，在深度。研究移动描述的性质，国内物质文化和它的重要性，从社会学的视角。本文还将讨论如何在物质文化的形成过程中，记忆艾滋病。此外，每个领域的研究都说明这一概念的基本前提物质文化的方法和伊恩的帮助下，个案研究为例。当代物质文化研究被认为是一个有趣的研究领域的许多社会主义的时刻，和研究的重点。
我介绍的物质文化
社会的物质文化是材料协会文物社会关系的人类群体或社区。简单来说，物质文化可以被定义为对象的使用人在他们的日常生活，和意义这种材料的物体在他们的生活。物质文化是研究为什么来自不同文化的人消耗一定的对象（即产品）的重要性和展示或使用这些对象在日常生活。个人来自不同文化和种族背景容易使用各种不同的物体上的多层次的技术，现代性，而且往往消耗相同的对象不同的用途。因此，研究文化的关系实质性是必不可少的社会科学家，以及历史学家研究的社会和文化态度的一组。常常学习文化的相关物质可以被视为一个镜头通过它的社会和文化态度可授予。唐纳德1991。
联合国教科文组织（1975）描述的存在和重要性的物质遗产文化和宣布，“文化财产是一个基本要素的人的身份和（依靠有）”。因此，它是假定个体协会和认识的对象是社会和文化的依赖。对物质文化也有助于历史学家和考古学家研究过去的社会和探索的物质文化等历史社区通过仍然是物质对象。此外，保护文化遗产的记录和研究物质文化的某些社区可以帮助少数民族和他们的文化。（约翰，2004）
物质文化涉及到材料的知识和文物的人。研究对象是密切相关的生存测量具有明显的意义。然而，研究物质文化还必须在调查仪式，艺术，音乐，舞蹈和象征。人类学家过去，在第十九年末和第二十年初的世纪，而旅游在北美国和欧洲习惯性地纳入文件物质文化的工作前工业化社会。渐渐地，在1920年代和70年代，物质文化的进步领域的考古学和博物馆馆长。（约翰，2004）
同时，越来越多的现代意义周围的物质文化已经发展成为一个必不可少的功能，许多社会主义者的学校。它也成为教育的一个有机组成部分为它为学生提供一个新颖的观点对他们的表现如何影响社会和环境。最近的事态发展的物质文化的研究提供了评估“消费主义”和最近的趋势，“一次性”文化。消费主义，是指作为一个社会和经济秩序的基础上，系统建立和培养希望购买的商品和服务的更大的数额。一次性文化是不容易回收和环保的消费方式。这些现象已经影响到现在的物质文化很大，已经建立了一个不同的文化系统，许多不同的社区和个人。（Tver sky和沼泽，2000）
形式的记忆
物质文化激发人类认知记忆通过分类的某些物体，其使用，意义，和应用，以一个特定的社会群体，帮助确定的某些特点，集团，使他们保持目前的或历史的存在或独特。道金斯1996。
唐纳德（1991）提出了三种不同的认知阶段，允许物质文化构成的一部分，人类的记忆。以下是必不可少的组成部分的物质文化，将有助于解释的过程中形成的记忆通过使用。它已经提出了作为物质文化，我们判断整个系统，作为协会的接口，市郊一个重要项目，包括无形物品如思想和行为相关的项目。
